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10995nam a22002777a 4500 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER |
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MKT |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION |
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20250821103506.0 |
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250818b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
9789290372141 |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
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| Transcribing agency |
ZCL |
| 050 ## - LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CALL NUMBER |
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| Classification number |
K5165 |
| Item number |
.H86 2021 |
| 245 ## - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
A Human Rights-Based Approach to Criminal Law, including the Decriminalization of Conduct Associated with Poverty and Status. |
| Remainder of title |
a practitioners' guide ; |
| Statement of responsibility, etc. |
International Commission of Jurists / |
| Medium |
(Both Hardcopy and Softcopy) |
| 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. |
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| Place of publication, distribution, etc. |
Geneva, Switzerland : |
| Name of publisher, distributor, etc. |
International Commission of Jurists, |
| Date of publication, distribution, etc. |
2021. |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
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| Extent |
137 pages |
| Other physical details |
20.5cm |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
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| Bibliography, etc. note |
Includes bibliographical references |
| 505 ## - FORMATTED CONTENTS NOTE |
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| Formatted contents note |
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1<br/>1. Background........................................................................................................................ 1<br/>2. Purpose and structure of the Practitioners’ Guide ............................................................3<br/>CHAPTER I: CRIMINAL LAW PRINCIPLES AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN<br/>RIGHTS LAW AND STANDARDS..............................................................................................5<br/>1. General principles of criminal law...................................................................................... 7<br/>2. Criminal law and international human rights law and standards..................................... 13<br/>3. Guiding questions on applying the general principles of criminal liability and<br/>international human rights law and standards.............................................................. 18<br/>CHAPTER II: INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL LAW AND STANDARDS ON THE<br/>CRIMINALIZATION OF CONDUCT ASSOCIATED WITH POVERTY AND STATUS ..........24<br/>1. International human rights law and standards on the criminalization of conduct<br/>associated with poverty and status................................................................................... 25<br/>1.1. Criminalization of poverty and status violates human rights.....................................28<br/>1.2. Discrimination prohibited by international human rights law and criminal liability<br/>based on discriminatory grounds .............................................................................29<br/>1.3. Criminal liability of persons under 18 years of age................................................... 31<br/>1.4. Proportionality of sanctions and penalties................................................................ 31<br/>2. Regional law and standards on the criminalization of conduct associated with poverty<br/>and status.......................................................................................................................... 32<br/>2.1. Africa.......................................................................................................................... 32<br/>2.2. The Americas.............................................................................................................36<br/>2.3. Europe........................................................................................................................ 37<br/>CHAPTER III: CRIMINALIZATION OF CONDUCT ASSOCIATED WITH POVERTY AND<br/>STATUS ...................................................................................................................................44<br/>1. Forms of conduct associated with poverty and status that are criminalized...................46<br/>2. Case study: applying a human rights-based approach to vagrancy laws....................... 51<br/>3. Domestic legal developments and jurisprudence: proscription of conduct associated<br/>with poverty and status......................................................................................................56<br/>3.1. What human rights are detrimentally impacted by the law? Does the law<br/>discriminate, directly or indirectly, based on prohibited grounds?.......................... 58<br/>3.1.1. Proving prima facie violations of human rights .............................................. 59<br/>3.1.2. Double victimization: violating the human rights of those whose human<br/>rights have already been violated ..................................................................60<br/>3.1.3. Direct and indirect discrimination................................................................... 62<br/>3.1.4. Existence of wrongful criminal law violates human rights regardless of<br/>threatened or actual enforcement................................................................... 65<br/>3.2. Is the criminal law vague, imprecise, arbitrary or overly broad? Is criminal liability<br/>foreseeable and capable of being clearly understood in its application and<br/>consequences? ....................................................................................................... 67<br/>3.2.1. Imprecise and overly broad substantive content of “vagrancy” laws............ 67<br/>3.2.2. Vagueness and arbitrariness of enforcement powers .................................. 72<br/>3.3. What substantial harm to the fundamental rights and freedoms of others, or to<br/>certain fundamental public interests, is the legal provision purportedly protecting<br/>against? If the interest(s) is/are legitimate, is the law strictly necessary to achieve the<br/>purpose(s), and is it proportionate to the legitimate interest(s) it pursues, meaning, is<br/>it the least intrusive or restrictive means to achieve the desired result? .............. 75<br/>3.3.1. Lack of clarity about the purpose or public interest....................................... 75<br/>3.3.2. Distinctions between forms of begging based on the “harm”<br/>associated.......................................................................................................77<br/>3.3.3. Demonstrating strict necessity and proportionality....................................... 80<br/>3.4. Is criminal liability based on status alone, instead of a voluntary act or<br/>omission? With respect to criminal offences punishable with deprivation of liberty,<br/>is criminal liability based on, among other things, each material element of the<br/>“offence” having been committed with a required mental state, such as intent,<br/>purpose, knowledge, recklessness or criminal negligence? ...................................81<br/>3.4.1. Vagrancy laws, status crimes and the voluntary act and mental state<br/>requirements....................................................................................................81<br/>3.4.2. Distinction between criminalizing status versus criminalizing conduct...... 85<br/>3.5. Does the law establish lawful defences for criminal liability (i.e., grounds for<br/>excluding criminal liability), such as by reasons of necessity, self-defence<br/>or duress?................................................................................................................... 88<br/>3.5.1. Lawful defences for wrongful criminalization of conduct associated with<br/>poverty and status............................................................................................ 88<br/>3.5.2. Lawful defences and mitigating circumstances for conduct that may be<br/>criminalized.....................................................................................................90<br/>3.6. Are the sanctions non-discriminatory and proportionate to the gravity of the<br/>offence? Are custodial sentences being imposed as a measure of last resort? ....... 91<br/>3.6.1. Deprivations of liberty: imprisonment and other forms of detention............92<br/>3.6.2. Fines and fees.................................................................................................98<br/>3.6.3. Evictions, demolitions and impoundment of property................................ 103<br/>CHAPTER IV: ROLE OF LAWYERS, JUDGES, PROSECUTORS, LAW ENFORCEMENT<br/>OFFICIALS, LEGISLATORS, POLICYMAKERS, NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS<br/>INSTITUTIONS AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN DECRIMINALIZING CONDUCT ASSOCIATED<br/>WITH POVERTY AND STATUS .............................................................................................109<br/>1. Lawyers and legal practitioners....................................................................................... 111<br/>1.1. Engaging in strategic litigation.................................................................................112<br/>1.2. Submitting amicus curiae briefs...............................................................................113<br/>2. Judges..............................................................................................................................114<br/>2.1. Ensuring enforcement of court decisions................................................................116<br/>2.2. Developing and adhering to judicial guidelines on criminal case management and<br/>sentencing................................................................................................................118<br/>2.3. Ensuring fines and fees are not discriminatory and/or disproportionate ................120<br/>3. Prosecutors and law enforcement officials..............................................................................121<br/>3.1. Implementing alternatives to arrest, detention and prosecutions........................... 122<br/>3.2. Setting and adhering to guidelines for public prosecutors and law enforcement<br/>officials ...................................................................................................................................123<br/>4. Legislators and policymakers..........................................................................................127<br/>4.1. Engaging in legal reform: repeal or substantially amend laws penalizing conduct<br/>associated with poverty and status .......................................................................127<br/>4.2. Enacting and implementing policies strengthening access to justice................... 130<br/>5. National human rights institutions................................................................................... 132<br/>6. Civil society..................................................................................................................... 133<br/>ANNEX: LIST OF CASES FROM REGIONAL AND DOMESTIC COURTS............................135 |
| 520 ## - SUMMARY, ETC. |
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| Summary, etc. |
This guide promotes a rights-based approach to criminal law reform and calls for decriminalization of laws that penalize poverty, homelessness, drug use, sex work, same-sex intimacy, and other status-related conduct."--Publisher description. |
| 610 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--CORPORATE NAME |
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| Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element |
International Commission of Jurists (1952- ) |
| General subdivision |
Publications. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
323 |
| 650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Marginality, Social |
| General subdivision |
Legal status, laws, etc. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
324 |
| 650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Criminal justice, Administration of. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
325 |
| 650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Criminal law |
| General subdivision |
Human rights aspects. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
326 |
| 650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Discrimination |
| General subdivision |
Law and legislation. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
327 |
| 650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
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| Topical term or geographic name entry element |
Human rights |
| General subdivision |
International cooperation. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
328 |
| 710 ## - ADDED ENTRY--CORPORATE NAME |
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| Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element |
International Commission of Jurists (1952- ), |
| Relator term |
publisher. |
| 9 (RLIN) |
329 |
| 942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA) |
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| Source of classification or shelving scheme |
Library of Congress Classification |
| Koha item type |
Books |
| Classification part |
K5165 |
| Item part |
.H86 2021 |